Problemos
type: channel
description: Founded in 1968. The journal of Philosophy that publishes academic articles, book reviews and an academic chronicle. Indexed in the Scopus (Q2) database since 2002 and in the Web of Science database since 2005.
publisher: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla / Vilnius University Press
language: en
publication name: Problemos
issn: 1392-1126
copyright: Please read the Copyright Notice in Journal Policy.
items: Editorial Board and Table of Contents
items: From Organisms to Machine Mechanisms
items: ‘Subjectless’ Subjectivity: Anscombe and Sartre on Self-Consciousness
items: The Emancipatory Potential of Aesthetic Experience: Rancière on Kant and Schiller
items: Reason and the Critique of Reason in Heidegger’s Thought
items: Personalism and Ecology: Robert Spaemann’s Rehabilitation of Anthropomorphism
items: Death as the Transformation in Chinese Philosophic-Religious Traditions
items: Mindaugas Gilaitis in conversation with Benjamin De Mesel. On Contemporary Moral Philosophy, Wittgenstein, and P. F. Strawson
items: Actualism and Possible Worlds
items: Confronting Moral Responsibility and Adiaphorization: Bauman’s Postmodern Ethics through The Zone of Interest (2023)

Editorial Board and Table of Contents
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description: -
subject: Front Matter
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creator: Rita Šerpytytė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 7

From Organisms to Machine Mechanisms
type: item
description: Žukauskaitė, A., 2025. Į organizmus orientuota ontologija. Vertė Aistis Žekevičius. Vilnius: Hubris. 219 p. ISBN 978-609-8280-92-0
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Dalius Jonkus
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dalius Jonkus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 172
ending page: 178
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.108.12

‘Subjectless’ Subjectivity: Anscombe and Sartre on Self-Consciousness
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Anscombe famously argues that ‘I’ is not a referring expression, otherwise, a ‘Cartesian Ego’ would inevitably appear. She thinks the form of self-consciousness expressed in ‘I’ is ‘subjectless’: it is consciousness that does not involve a self-object (or Ego). Sartre’s theory of consciousness offers a strikingly parallel and mutually illuminating framework. He similarly denies the presence of the Ego within consciousness, arguing instead that the Ego is a transcendent object constructed through reflection. For both of them, the fundamental form of self-consciousness is pre-reflective. I argue that Anscombe’s position encounters two difficulties: (1) how the non-referential ‘I’ can express subjectivity, and (2) how self-consciousness is about an embodied subject. I propose that Sartre’s accounts of (1) the ‘fundamental ipseity’ and (2) the ‘lived body’ offer a phenomenological framework that helps to respond to Anscombe’s difficulties.
subject: Articles
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creator: Zhihan Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zhihan Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 95
ending page: 109
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.108.7

The Emancipatory Potential of Aesthetic Experience: Rancière on Kant and Schiller
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">This paper examines the emancipatory potential of aesthetic experience through a comparative reading of Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Schiller, and Jacques Rancière. It argues that Rancière both inherits and transforms the Kantian-Schillerian legacy by shifting the question of freedom from free accord of faculties or moral autonomy to a meaning-disruptive experience of equality. While Kant and Schiller conceptualize the disinterested experience of the spectator in aesthetic or ethical terms, Rancière interprets it as a condition that can trigger a struggle for equality. The article traces this entangled genealogy to demonstrate how Rancière’s notion of aesthetic experience cancels hierarchies and opens a space for <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">dissensus, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white…
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creator: Tugba Ayas Onol
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tugba Ayas Onol https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 63
ending page: 75
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.108.5

Reason and the Critique of Reason in Heidegger’s Thought
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> If, in the history of philosophy, all manifestations of culture were brought before the judgment seat of reason, today it seems rather the other way around, as if reason were on trial. Has reason, the question arises, reached the end of its history and even the end itself? Hardly any thinker before him has undermined, depreciated and dissolved reason as much as Martin Heidegger. The actual main point of Heidegger’s critique of reason is the questioning of the centuries-old understanding of human beings as <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">animal rationale<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">. According to Heidegger, an understanding ofhuman beings as <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-s…
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creator: Moritz René Pretzsch
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Moritz René Pretzsch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 76
ending page: 94
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.108.6

Personalism and Ecology: Robert Spaemann’s Rehabilitation of Anthropomorphism
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The paper presents the argument that Spaemann’s ecological thought is grounded in his attempt to find an alternative to the problems which he sees as originating in the rejection of teleological understanding of human beings and nature. The paper argues that Spaemann’s ethical personalism and reflections on ecological problems are not two separate fragments of his philosophy, which have no clearer relation. A personalist perspective is inseparable from Spaemann’s efforts to rehabilitate anthropomorphisms, which he sees as a necessary condition for the establishment of ethical relationship with nature. The paper defends the thesis that philosopher’s attempt to rehabilitate anthropomorphisms is the link which connects his ecological and personalist ethics. The personalist perspective marks an attempt to find an alternative to the ever-intensifying domination of modern anthropocentrism, which is characterised by an inability to grasp the reality of person and nature.
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creator: Linas Jokubaitis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Linas Jokubaitis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 48
ending page: 62
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.108.4

Death as the Transformation in Chinese Philosophic-Religious Traditions
type: item
description: <span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">he article investigates the Chinese concept of death from the perspective of cosmic transformations (<em lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">hua<span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">化<span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">, <em lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000;…
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creator: Loreta Poškaitė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Loreta Poškaitė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 35
ending page: 47
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.108.3

Mindaugas Gilaitis in conversation with Benjamin De Mesel. On Contemporary Moral Philosophy, Wittgenstein, and P. F. Strawson
type: item
description: -
subject: Other
  topic: section
subject: Array
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creator: Mindaugas Gilaitis
creator: Benjamin De Mesel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: 207
ending page: 213
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.107.15

Actualism and Possible Worlds
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Iš anglų kalbos vertė ir pratarmę parašė <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Pranciškus Gricius<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1"> (Oksfordo universitetas, Vilniaus universitetas) <p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Alvi…
subject: Translations
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creator: Alvin Plantinga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: 190
ending page: 206
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.107.14

Confronting Moral Responsibility and Adiaphorization: Bauman’s Postmodern Ethics through The Zone of Interest (2023)
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">This article explores Zygmunt Bauman’s view on moral responsibility, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">in a fluid world, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">focusing on <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fr…
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creator: Murat Kadiroğlu
creator: Adnan Akan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: 175
ending page: 189
doi: 10.15388/Problemos.2025.107.13