COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted all industries, and the hospitality sector has been the worst hit. Drawing upon conservation of resource (COR) theory, it was hypothesized that organizational justice as well as job embeddedness will positively impact employees’ engagement in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In addition, the moderating role of job embeddedness in organizational justice–OCB relationship was studied. Using time-lagged data of hospitality employees from India, the results demonstrate that of all dimensions of organizational justice, interactional justice emerges as the strongest predictor of OCB. Further, job embeddedness was seen to have a significant relationship with all dimensions of OCB. Support was also found for the moderating role of job embeddedness in strengthening the positive relationship between justice perceptions and certain dimensions of OCB. Finally, the implications are discussed enhancing our understanding of organizational justice—job embeddedness—OCB relationship in Indian hospitality sector during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting several measures which can be taken by managers of this sector to promote employee extra role behaviors.
Abuelhassan, A. E., & AlGassim, A. (2022). How organizational justice in the hospitality industry influences proactive customer service performance through general self-efficacy. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(7), 2579–2596.
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in Social Exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267–299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2
Allen, D. G., Peltokorpi, V., & Rubenstein, A. L. (2016). When “embedded” means “stuck”: Moderating effects of job embeddedness in adverse work environments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(12), 1670–1686.
Ampofo, E. T. (2020). Mediation effects of job satisfaction and work engagement on the relationship between organisational embeddedness and affective commitment among frontline employees of star–rated hotels in Accra. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 253–262.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423.
Avey, C. (2018). Why Repeat Hotel Customers Are Better Than New Ones. Retrieved from Hospitalitynet https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4091173.html.
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Lin, F., Rothstein, J., & Unrath, M. (2020). Measuring the Labor Market at the Onset of the COVID-19 Crisis. (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 27613).
Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: The Relationship between Affect and Employee “Citizenship”. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587–595.
Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). A Four-Component Model of Procedural Justice: Defining the Meaning of a “Fair” Process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 747–758.
Bono, J. E., Glomb, T. M., Shen, W., Kim, E., & Koch, A. J. (2013). Building Positive Resources: Effects of Positive Events and Positive Reflection on Work Stress and Health. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), 1601–1627.
Brockner, J., Ackerman, G., Greenberg, J., Gelfand, M. J., Francesco, A. M., Chen, Z. X., Leung, K., Bierbrauer, G., Gomez, C., Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. (2001). Culture and Procedural Justice: The Influence of Power Distance on Reactions to Voice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(4), 300–315.
Brockner, J., Tyler, T. R., & Cooper-Schneider, R. (1992). The Influence of Prior Commitment to an Institution on Reactions to Perceived Unfairness: The Higher They Are, the Harder They Fall. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(2), 241–261.
Chaing, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The Impact of Perceived organizational Support and Psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 180–190.
Chan, S. H. J., & Lai, H. Y. I. (2017). Understanding the link between communication satisfaction, perceived justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Research, 70, 214–223.
Chan, W. L., Ho, J. A., Sambasivan, M., & Ng, S. I. (2019). Antecedents and outcome of job embeddedness: Evidence from four and five-star hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 37–45.
Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analy- sis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278–321.
Cole, M. S., Bernerth, J. B., Walter, F., & Holt, D. T. (2010). Organizational justice and individuals’ withdrawal: Unlocking the influence of emotional exhaustion. Journal of Management Studies, 47(3), 367–390.
Collins, B. J., & Mossholder, K. W. (2017). Fairness Means More to Some Than Others: Interactional Fairness, Job Embeddedness, and Discretionary Work Behaviors. Journal of Management, 43(2), 293–318.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386–400.
Cropanzano, R., Bowen, D. E., & Gilliland, S. W. (2007). The Management of Organizational Justice. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), 34–48.
Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a Global Measure of Job Embeddedness and Integration into a Traditional Model of Voluntary Turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1031–1042.
Dekas, K. H., Bauer, T. N., Welle, B., Kurkoski, J., & Sullivan, S. (2013). Organizational Citizen- ship Behavior, Version 2.0: A Review and Qualitative Investigation of OCBs for Knowledge Workers at Google and Beyond. Academy of Management Perspectives, 27(3), 219–237.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
Ghosh, D., Sekiguchi, T., & Gurunathan, L. (2017). Organizational embeddedness as a mediator between justice and in-role performance. Journal of Business Research, 75, 130–137.
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463–488.
Guan, X., Yeh, S. S., Chiang, T. Y., & Huan, T. C. T. (2020). Does organizational inducement fos- ter work engagement in hospitality industry? Perspectives from a moderated mediation model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 43, 259–268.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2018). Advanced Issues in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Halbesleben, J. R., & Wheeler, A. R. (2015). To Invest or Not? The Role of Coworker Support and Trust in Daily Reciprocal Gain Spirals of Helping Behavior. Journal of Management, 41(6), 1628–1650.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The Influence of Culture, Community, and the Nested‐Self in the Stress Process: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421.
Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Jha, S. (2014). Transformational leadership and psychological empowerment. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 3(1), 18–35.
Judge, T. A., & Colquitt, J. A. (2004). Organizational Justice and Stress: The Mediating Role of Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 395–404.
Kalargyrou, V., Sundar, V., & Jahani, S. (2022). Managers’ attitudes toward employees with depression and organizational citizenship behaviors in the hospitality industry: Assessing the mediating role of personality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2022-0082.
Khoa, D., Wang, C. Y., & Guchait, P. (2021). Using regulatory focus to encourage physical distancing in services: When fear helps to deal with Mr. Deadly COVID-19. The Service Industries Journal, 41(1-2), 32–57.
Kiazad, K., Holtom, B. C., Hom, P. W., & Newman, A. (2015). Job embeddedness: A multifoci theoretical extension. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3), 641–659.
Kloutsiniotis, P. V., & Mihail, D. M. (2020). The effects of high performance work systems in employees’ service-oriented OCB. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102610.
Krishnan, M. (2020). Coronavirus: India will take ‘years’ to recover from unemployment crisis. available at: https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-india-will-take-years-to-recover-from-unem- ployment-crisis/a-54959382 (accessed on 26 October 2022).
Li, A., & Cropanzano, R. (2009). Do East Asians Respond More/Less Strongly to Organizational Justice than North Americans? A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 46(5), 787–805.
Li, J., Irina, Y. Y., Yang, M. X., & Chen, S. (2022). How needs for belongingness and justice influence social identity and performances: Evidence from the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 50, 366–374.
Liang, Y. H. (2012). Exploring the relationship between perceived electronic service quality, satisfaction, and personality: A study of Taiwan’s online game industry. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 23(7-8), 949–963.
Liu, X. R., Yu, J. J., Guo, Q., & Li, J. J. (2022). Employee engagement, its antecedents and effects on business performance in hospitality industry: A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2021-1512
Lyu, Y., & Zhu, H. (2019). The predictive effects of workplace ostracism on employee attitudes: A job embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 1083–1095.
Ma, E., Hsiao, A., Gao, J., & Vada, S. (2020). Inspiring good soldiers cross-culturally through the lens of the theory of planned behavior—which works best, norms or behavioral control?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 99–112.
Ma, E., Qu, H., Wei, X., & Hsiao, A. (2018). Conceptualization and Operationalization of an Altruistic and Egoistic Continuum of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Motivations. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(5), 740–771.
Ma, E., Qu, H., Wilson, M., & Eastman, K. (2013). Modeling OCB for hotels: Don’t forget the customers. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(3), 308–317.
Ma, E., Wang, Y. C., Xu, S. T., & Wang, D. (2022). Clarifying the multi-order multidimensional structure of organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-cultural validation. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 50, 83–92.
Mahalingam, R. (2003). Essentialism, Culture, and Power: Representations of Social Class. Jour- nal of Social Issues, 59(4), 733–749.
Mahmoud, A.B. (2021) Like a cog in a machine. In C. Machado, & J. Paulo Davim (Eds.), Advances in Intelligent, Flexible, and Lean Management and Engineering (pp. 1–20). Hershey: IGI Global. Mahmoud, A.B., Reisel, W.D., Fuxman, L. & Mohr, I. (2021) A Motivational Standpoint of Job Insecurity Effects on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Generational Study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(2), 267–275.
Mattila, A. S., & Patterson, P. G. (2004). Service Recovery and Fairness Perceptions in Collectiv- ist and Individualist Contexts. Journal of Service Research, 6(4), 336–346.
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why People Stay: Using Job Embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102–1121.
Moorman, R. (1991). Relationship between Organizational Justice and OCB: Do Fairness Perceptions Influence Employee Citizenship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 845–855.
Moorman, R. H., & Blakely, G. L. (1995). Individualism-Collectivism as an Individual Difference Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(2), 127–142.
Nazarian, A., Velayati, R., Foroudi, P., Edirisinghe, D., & Atkinson, P. (2021). Organizational justice in the hotel industry: Revisiting GLOBE from a national culture perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(12), 4418–4438.
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Employee Voice Behavior: A Meta‐Analytic Test of the Conservation of Resources Framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 216–234.
Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a Mediator of the Relationship between Methods of Monitoring and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527–556.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Özbek, M. F., Yoldash, M. A., & Tang, T. L.-P. (2016). Theory of Justice, OCB, and Individualism: Kyrgyz Citizens. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 365–382.
Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2009). Impact of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Organizational Performance: A Review and Suggestion for Future Research. Human Performance, 10(2), 133–151.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107–142.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. Ramesh, A., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). Will they stay or will they go? The role of job embeddedness in predicting turnover in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology,
(5), 807–823.
Sekiguchi, T., Burton, J. P., & Sablynski, C. J. (2008). The role of job embeddedness on employee
performance: The interactive effects with leader–member exchange and organization-based selfesteem. Personnel Psychology, 61(4), 761–792.
Semuels, A. (2020) Millions of Americans Have Lost Jobs in the Pandemic—and Robots and AI Are Replacing Them Faster Than Ever. TIME. Available from: https://time.com/5876604/ma- chines-jobs-coronavirus/ (accessed on 26 October 2022).
Shin, Y. (2012). CEO Ethical Leadership, Ethical Climate, Climate Strength, and Collective Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 299–312.
Smith, A. K., Bolton, R. N., & Wagner, J. (1999). A Model of Customer Satisfaction with Service Encounters Involving Failure and Recovery. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(3), 356–372.
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature and Antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663.
Thibaut, J. W., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis. L. Erlbaum As- sociates.